{"category":{"slug":"roman","name":"Roman London","blurb":"Explore Londinium, established around AD 50. A guide to the ancient city, and listings of things you can still see and visit today. Remnants of the city walls, the amphitheatre only discovered in 1988, and a timber from the waterfront where the first London Bridge came ashore.","title":"Roman London: what is left of Londinium, and where to see it","all":"All Roman London","see_also":null,"plan":{"image":"/img/roman/londinium-1920.jpg","image_small":"/img/roman/londinium-1200.jpg","width":1920,"height":1080,"caption":"Graphic shows Londinium in about AD 200, viewed from the north-west.","credit":"Painting: \u00a9 Peter Froste / London Museum","marks":[{"name":"Basilica","x":0.3141,"y":0.363,"note":"The great hall along the forum's north side, the largest basilica north of the Alps, where the city's courts and council sat.","osm":"node/107587","lat":51.513416,"lng":-0.084138},{"name":"Governor's palace","x":0.5635,"y":0.3843,"note":"Terraces on the waterfront with a garden and an ornamental pool, long taken for the governor's residence; Cannon Street station stands on the site.","osm":"node/3637449659","lat":51.511381,"lng":-0.090363},{"name":"Huggin Hill baths","x":0.7161,"y":0.4769,"note":"Public baths on the slope above the river, fed by springs from the hillside; they were pulled down around AD 200 and nothing shows above ground.","osm":"way/29089421","lat":51.51181,"lng":-0.095375},{"name":"Aldgate","x":0.1094,"y":0.2778,"note":"The gate for the road east to Colchester (Camulodunum), the province's first capital; Whitechapel Road still follows it. The name is Saxon, hundreds of years younger than the gate.","osm":"node/11652854923","lat":51.51364,"lng":-0.076763},{"name":"Bishopsgate","x":0.1042,"y":0.4537,"note":"Ermine Street left the city here for Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) and York (Eboracum). The bishop of the name is said to be Erkenwald, bishop of London in the seventh century, five hundred years after the gate was built.","osm":"node/11743154349","lat":51.51611,"lng":-0.081768},{"name":"Moorgate","x":0.237,"y":0.6296,"note":"A Roman gate on this spot is conjecture, with no trace of one found to date; Moorgate itself, named for the marsh outside the wall, was cut through in 1415 and pulled down in 1762.","osm":"node/12525042804","lat":51.517281,"lng":-0.088908},{"name":"Cripplegate","x":0.3594,"y":0.7685,"note":"The fort's north gate, kept as a gate of the city when the wall was built out from the fort's corners. The name is Saxon, like all the gates' names: what the Romans called them is not recorded.","osm":"node/20460680","lat":51.517535,"lng":-0.093643},{"name":"Fort's west gate","x":0.4688,"y":0.7843,"side":"below","slug":"london-wall-in-the-car-park","note":"The fort's west gate; its foundations are under London Wall, in the car park.","lat":51.517592,"lng":-0.090638},{"name":"Aldersgate","x":0.5531,"y":0.7704,"note":"Added in the fourth century, when the wall was a hundred and fifty years old, just south of the fort's corner; Aldersgate Street runs out of it still. The name is Saxon, Ealdred's gate.","osm":"node/12976851648","lat":51.517318,"lng":-0.096862},{"name":"Newgate","x":0.7474,"y":0.8519,"note":"The road west to Silchester (Calleva) left by this gate, past the burial grounds outside the wall; the Old Bailey stands on the spot. The name is medieval, from a rebuilding in the twelfth century.","osm":"node/104318","lat":51.51624,"lng":-0.101945},{"name":"Ludgate","x":0.8516,"y":0.7667,"note":"The westernmost gate, above the River Fleet, with the road to the west running out of it: Ludgate Hill, then Fleet Street. The name is Saxon; the King Lud it was later hung on is a medieval invention.","osm":"node/107685","lat":51.513997,"lng":-0.102553}]},"reading":null,"card_pictures":true,"icon":"<path d=\"M4 20V11a8 8 0 0 1 16 0v9\"/><path d=\"M8 20v-8a4 4 0 0 1 8 0v8\"/><path d=\"M2.5 20h19\"/>"},"filters":[{"id":"visible","label":"Something to see","field":"types","group":"Good to know","badge":false},{"id":"wall","label":"The wall","field":"types","group":"Kind","badge":true,"badge_only":true},{"id":"arena","label":"Amphitheatre","field":"types","group":"Kind","badge":true,"badge_only":true},{"id":"forum","label":"Forum & basilica","field":"types","group":"Kind","badge":true,"badge_only":true},{"id":"fort","label":"The fort","field":"types","group":"Kind","badge":true,"badge_only":true},{"id":"temple","label":"Temple","field":"types","group":"Kind","badge":true,"badge_only":true},{"id":"bath","label":"Bath 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Hallows Pavement","alias":"all-hallows-pavement","area":"Tower","address":"Byward Street, Leadenhall Market, EC3R 5BJ","station":"Tower Hill","walk":2,"lat":51.5094,"lng":-0.0794,"hours":[[8.0,17.0],[8.0,17.0],[8.0,17.0],[8.0,17.0],[8.0,17.0],[10.0,17.0],[10.0,17.0]],"hours_raw":"Mo-Fr 08:00-17:00; Sa-Su 10:00-17:00","hours_source":"web","hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":"https://www.ahbtt.org.uk/visit/","instagram":"allhallowstower","attrs":[],"osm":"way/59213570","types":["free","inside","relic","visible"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The oldest church in the City, with a Saxon arch of Roman brick and a second-century Roman floor in the crypt beneath, free.","note":"All Hallows was founded by the abbey at Barking in 675, by its own tradition, which makes it the oldest church in the City, and it stands close enough to the Tower that the bodies of the beheaded, Archbishop Laud among them, were brought here for burial. Pepys climbed its tower in 1666 to watch the Great Fire, which stopped short of it; the Blitz did not, and when the church was rebuilt an arch of reused Roman brick was found in the ruins, built by the Saxons and the oldest piece of any church in London. The crypt museum below keeps a tessellated Roman pavement of the second century where it was laid, in the floor of a house that stood here before the church, with Saxon crosses, the parish registers that record William Penn's baptism in 1644 and John Quincy Adams's wedding in 1797, and the relics of Tubby Clayton, the vicar who founded the Toc H movement here for the soldiers of the First World War. Entry to the church and the crypt is free.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum-2.jpg?v=44ede144","thumb":"/img/all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum-2-480.jpg?v=de8cb816","width":1024,"height":768,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"A patch of Roman floor of small square red and grey tiles, worn and uneven, set in grey mortar","caption":"The floor of a Roman house of the second century, kept in the crypt where it was found.","credit":"Photo by Christine Matthews, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Pavement,_All_Hallows_by_the_Tower,_Great_Tower_Street,_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4716551.jpg"},"figures":[{"src":"/img/all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum.jpg?v=ec9ef636","thumb":"/img/all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum-480.jpg?v=04a9da0e","width":1024,"height":912,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"All Hallows by the Tower: a brick church with a green copper spire on its tower","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Katie Chan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EH1064671_Church_of_All_Hallows_by_the_Tower_07.jpg"}],"from":"museums/all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"url":"/roman/all-hallows-pavement/","also_in":[{"name":"Museums","href":"/museums/all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum/"},{"name":"Sacred London","href":"/sacred/all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum/"}],"maps_q":"All Hallows Pavement, Byward Street, Leadenhall Market, EC3R 5BJ, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"Tower Subway","s":"tower-subway","c":"science","cn":"Science & Engineering","m":112},{"n":"Tower Hill Memorial","s":"tower-hill-memorial","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":125},{"n":"St Olave Hart Street","s":"st-olave-hart-street","c":"sacred","cn":"Sacred London","m":166}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-at-tower-hill","m":241},{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":256},{"s":"london-wall-at-coopers-row","m":258},{"s":"city-wall-at-vine-street","m":392},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":469},{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":475}]},{"slug":"guildhall-roman-amphitheatre","name":"Amphitheatre","alias":null,"area":"Moorgate","address":"Guildhall Yard, EC2V 5AE","station":"Bank","walk":4,"lat":51.515591,"lng":-0.092084,"hours":[[10.0,17.0],[10.0,17.0],[10.0,17.0],[10.0,17.0],[10.0,17.0],[10.0,17.0],[10.0,17.0]],"hours_raw":"Mo-Su 10:00-17:00","hours_source":"web","hours_url":"https://www.thecityofldn.com/directory/guildhall-art-gallery/","hours_short":"Through the Guildhall Art Gallery, free","hours_checked":"2026-09-04","hours_extra":"The oval in the paving of Guildhall Yard is outside and can be seen at any hour; the amphitheatre itself is reached through the Art Gallery, free.","runs":null,"website":"https://www.thecityofldn.com/directory/guildhall-art-gallery/","instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"way/160620845","types":["arena","free","inside","visible"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":{"x":0.438,"y":0.6204},"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"Londinium's amphitheatre, found by accident in 1988, with its full oval traced in the paving of the yard above it.","note":"Nobody knew where Londinium's amphitheatre was until the foundations for the new Guildhall Art Gallery went in and hit it in 1988. Built in wood around AD 70 and rebuilt in stone in the second century, it held some seven thousand people for gladiators, executions and animal hunts; the Guildhall was later put up on the same ground, which may not be chance. What survives is the eastern entrance and the two small rooms beside it where the fighters and the animals waited, with the timber drain still lying in its channel, shown in the gallery's basement with the seating that is gone drawn around it in green light.\n\nBefore you go in, look down. A dark ellipse is set into the paving of Guildhall Yard, and it is the amphitheatre at full size: the arena ran from the gallery door most of the way across the yard. Seven thousand people once sat around that shape, and all of it is under the stones you are standing on.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/guildhall-roman-amphitheatre.jpg?v=9112adcd","thumb":"/img/guildhall-roman-amphitheatre-480.jpg?v=11c257c4","width":1024,"height":802,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"Guildhall Roman Amphitheatre, London","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Philafrenzy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guildhall_Roman_Amphitheatre,_London.JPG"},"figures":[{"src":"/img/guildhall-roman-amphitheatre-2.jpg?v=c88f3556","thumb":"/img/guildhall-roman-amphitheatre-2-480.jpg?v=55b8cf77","width":640,"height":480,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"Guildhall Yard, paved in pale stone with a curved band of dark slabs across it tracing the amphitheatre's edge, with the Guildhall's stone front and the glazed gallery wing behind","caption":"The amphitheatre's outline, marked in dark paving across Guildhall Yard outside.","credit":"Photo by Basher Eyre, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Site_of_Roman_Amphitheatre_at_The_Guildhall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_887002.jpg"}],"from":"monuments/guildhall-roman-amphitheatre","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/guildhall-roman-amphitheatre/"}],"maps_q":"Amphitheatre, Guildhall Yard, EC2V 5AE, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"Gresham College: The 2027 Annual Lord Mayor's Event","s":"gresham-college-the-2027-annual-lord-mayors-event","c":"whats-on","cn":"What\u2019s On","m":35},{"n":"Guildhall","s":"guildhall","c":"politics","cn":"Power & Politics","m":35},{"n":"Guildhall Art Gallery","s":"guildhall-art-gallery","c":"museums","cn":"Museums","m":47}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-in-the-car-park","m":243},{"s":"london-wall-at-st-alphage","m":269},{"s":"roman-fort-at-noble-street","m":292},{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":370},{"s":"barbican-bastions","m":372},{"s":"london-stone","m":483}]},{"slug":"barbican-bastions","name":"Barbican Bastions","alias":null,"area":"Barbican","address":"St Giles' Terrace, Barbican, EC2Y 8DA","station":"Barbican","walk":4,"lat":51.518558,"lng":-0.094592,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":null,"instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"node/10971377711","types":["free","visible","wall"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"Medieval bastions on the Roman line, standing in the Barbican's ornamental lake.","note":"Three bastions and the wall between them survive along the south side of the Barbican estate, beside St Giles Cripplegate. The wall is Roman at the base and the bastions are thirteenth-century, hollow-backed towers added when the city was fortified against Simon de Montfort's barons. The estate's architects kept them and ran the water round their feet, so Bastion 12 rises out of a lake among the concrete. No other stretch of the wall is seen like this. The panels along the walkway explain each piece.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/barbican-bastions.jpg?v=ab4ac204","thumb":"/img/barbican-bastions-480.jpg?v=a966e70a","width":1024,"height":769,"alt":"The Roman wall beside the Barbican lake","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Doyle of London, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Wall_to_the_North_of_Monkwell_Square,_Barbican_(04).jpg","thumb_width":480},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/barbican-bastions","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/barbican-bastions/"}],"maps_q":"Barbican Bastions, St Giles' Terrace, Barbican, EC2Y 8DA, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"St Giles-without-Cripplegate","s":"st-giles-without-cripplegate","c":"sacred","cn":"Sacred London","m":53},{"n":"Lakeside Terrace","s":"lakeside-terrace","c":"beautiful-streets","cn":"Beautiful Streets","m":124},{"n":"Barbican Centre","s":"barbican-centre","c":"museums","cn":"Museums","m":154}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-at-st-alphage","m":159},{"s":"roman-fort-at-noble-street","m":200},{"s":"london-wall-in-the-car-park","m":293},{"s":"guildhall-roman-amphitheatre","m":372},{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":738},{"s":"london-stone","m":855}]},{"slug":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","name":"Billingsgate Bath House","alias":null,"area":"Monument","address":"101 Lower Thames Street, EC3R 6DL","station":"Monument","walk":3,"lat":51.509264,"lng":-0.083094,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":"https://onecitylondon.com/directory/billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths/","hours_short":"Saturday tours, April to November, booked","hours_checked":"2026-09-04","hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":"https://onecitylondon.com/directory/billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths/","instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"node/4783739209","types":["bath","inside","visible"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"A Roman townhouse and its bathhouse, complete with underfloor heating, in an office basement.","note":"Built around AD 150 on what was then the riverfront, given a bath suite a century later, and lived in until Roman London ended in the early 400s: the only Roman house in London you can walk through. Found in 1848 when the Coal Exchange was built and kept under it, then kept again under the office block that replaced the Exchange in the 1960s. From walkways over the remains you look down into the hot room with the pillars of the hypocaust still standing, the cold plunge, and the walls of the house around them. Access is by guided tour with a City Guide, an hour long, and children need to be eight or over.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths.jpg?v=26ee368c","thumb":"/img/billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths-480.jpg?v=c44fe8d8","width":768,"height":1024,"alt":"Billingsgate Bath House, 23 September 2018. The hot room ( caldarium ) is in the foreground","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Carla Brain, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Billingsgate_Bath_House,_23_September_2018_(11)_(44971288992).jpg","thumb_width":360},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths/"}],"maps_q":"Billingsgate Bath House, 101 Lower Thames Street, EC3R 6DL, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"St Dunstan-in-the-East","s":"st-dunstan-in-the-east","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":61},{"n":"The Monument","s":"the-monument","c":"views","cn":"Views","m":220},{"n":"Sky Garden","s":"sky-garden","c":"whats-on","cn":"What\u2019s On","m":225}],"near_same":[{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":219},{"s":"all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","m":256},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":386},{"s":"london-wall-at-tower-hill","m":496},{"s":"london-wall-at-coopers-row","m":500},{"s":"london-stone","m":509}]},{"slug":"roman-fort-at-noble-street","name":"Cripplegate Fort","alias":"cripplegate-fort","area":"St Paul's","address":"Noble Street, EC2V 7EE","station":"St Paul's","walk":3,"lat":51.516902,"lng":-0.095756,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":null,"instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"way/126469162","types":["fort","free","visible","wall"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":{"x":0.4245,"y":0.731},"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The corner of a Roman fort that is older than the wall, laid open by the Blitz.","note":"The army built a fort here at Cripplegate in about AD 110, a stone barracks for the thousand or more soldiers who served the provincial governor, some ninety years before the city had a wall. When the wall came, in about AD 200, it was joined onto the fort's west and north sides, so along Noble Street the wall is double: the fort's thinner wall with the city wall thickening it on the outside, and at the south end the rounded internal turret of the fort's south-west corner. The wall itself took more than a million blocks of Kentish ragstone, shipped up the Thames in over 1,750 boatloads, and ran almost three kilometres from Blackfriars in the west to where the Tower of London now stands. All of it here stood under buildings until the bombing of 1940 cleared them, and it was left as a sunken garden, viewed from the walkway above.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/roman-fort-at-noble-street.jpg?v=a99bcfc2","thumb":"/img/roman-fort-at-noble-street-480.jpg?v=ffacc9c6","width":1024,"height":768,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"The sunken garden along Noble Street seen from one end: grass and gravel between bombed brick cellar walls on the left and the low stone footings of the Roman wall on the right, with railings and a Barbican tower above","caption":"Left open since the bombing of 1940, and viewed from the walkway along the top.","credit":"Photo by Christine Matthews, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Wall,_Noble_Street,_London_EC1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1087379.jpg"},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/roman-fort-at-noble-street","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"url":"/roman/cripplegate-fort/","also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/roman-fort-at-noble-street/"}],"maps_q":"Cripplegate Fort, Noble Street, EC2V 7EE, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"St Alban's Tower, Wood Street","s":"st-albans-tower-wood-street","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":120},{"n":"Goldsmiths' Hall","s":"goldsmiths-hall","c":"politics","cn":"Power & Politics","m":132},{"n":"Postman's Park","s":"postmans-park","c":"outdoors","cn":"Outdoors & Nature","m":134}],"near_same":[{"s":"barbican-bastions","m":200},{"s":"london-wall-at-st-alphage","m":259},{"s":"guildhall-roman-amphitheatre","m":292},{"s":"london-wall-in-the-car-park","m":362},{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":613},{"s":"london-stone","m":736}]},{"slug":"crofton-roman-villa","name":"Crofton Villa","alias":null,"area":"Orpington","address":"Crofton Road, BR6 8QE","station":"Orpington","walk":1,"lat":51.372957,"lng":0.087897,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":"Open on limited days over the summer; check before travelling.","runs":null,"website":"https://karu.org.uk/crofton_roman_villa.html","instagram":"karuorg","attrs":[],"osm":"way/250709622","types":["inside","villa","visible"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The ten surviving rooms of a Roman farmhouse, with its underfloor heating laid open, under a cover building beside Orpington station.","note":"A Roman farmer built this house around AD 140 and his successors lived in it, altering it as they went, until about 400: the centre of an estate of some five hundred acres of fields, meadow and wood on the edge of what is now Orpington. At its largest it had at least twenty rooms. Workmen laying a driveway for the council found the first pieces in 1926, and the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit excavated the site fully in 1988 and put a building over it. Ten rooms can be seen: two still have their floors of opus signinum, the Roman concrete, three show where tiled floors were, and the hypocaust, the underfloor heating that ran hot air through channels and under little pillars of tile, is open to view, with the small finds from the dig in cases beside it. The unit runs it with Bromley Council, on a handful of days a week between spring and autumn.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/crofton-roman-villa.jpg?v=2d94054a","thumb":"/img/crofton-roman-villa-480.jpg?v=42df9f98","width":1024,"height":682,"alt":"The excavated rooms of Crofton Roman Villa under their modern cover building","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Ethan Doyle White, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crofton_Roman_Villa.jpg","thumb_width":480},"figures":null,"from":"museums/crofton-roman-villa","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Museums","href":"/museums/crofton-roman-villa/"}],"maps_q":"Crofton Villa, Crofton Road, BR6 8QE, London","bank":0,"near_all":[{"n":"Scadbury Moated Manor","s":"scadbury-moated-manor","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":4257},{"n":"Chislehurst Caves","s":"chislehurst-caves","c":"museums","cn":"Museums","m":4352},{"n":"Down House","s":"down-house","c":"museums","cn":"Museums","m":5200}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-at-tower-hill","m":19074},{"s":"all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","m":19097},{"s":"london-wall-at-coopers-row","m":19147},{"s":"southwark-mausoleum","m":19227},{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":19261},{"s":"city-wall-at-vine-street","m":19352}]},{"slug":"leadenhall-market","name":"Forum and Basilica","alias":"forum-and-basilica","area":"Leadenhall Market","address":"Gracechurch Street, EC3V 1LT","station":"Monument","walk":5,"lat":51.512729,"lng":-0.083569,"hours":[[10.0,18.0],[10.0,18.0],[10.0,18.0],[10.0,18.0],[10.0,18.0],[10.0,18.0],[10.0,18.0]],"hours_raw":"Mo-Su 10:00-18:00","hours_source":"osm","hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":"https://leadenhallmarket.co.uk/","instagram":"leadenhallmarket","attrs":[],"osm":"way/143113935","types":["forum"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":{"x":0.3604,"y":0.3722},"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The forum and its basilica filled the ground under the market: the largest basilica north of the Alps in its day, and nothing of it above the pavement.","note":"Londinium's forum stood here from the late first century, a square of shops and offices round an open court with the basilica - the city's hall of justice and business - running the length of its north side, longer than St Paul's is today. It was pulled down around AD 300 and the market grew over it; the one piece a visitor can stand next to is a pier of the basilica in the basement of a barber's shop on Gracechurch Street, kept behind glass.\n\nIn February 2025 archaeologists testing the basement of 85 Gracechurch Street, next door to the market, found the foundations of the first basilica, the smaller one that stood here before it: flint, ragstone and Roman tile, a metre wide and four metres deep, in the part of the building called the tribunal, where the magistrates sat on a raised platform to hear the city's business. The office above is to be rebuilt around them with a basement the public can walk into, expected in 2029 or 2030.\n\nThe current market is Victorian, cream and maroon under a glass roof.","note_links":[{"phrase":"current market","name":"Leadenhall Market","href":"/architecture/leadenhall-market/"}],"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/leadenhall-market.jpg?v=33e7e4ca","thumb":"/img/leadenhall-market-480.jpg?v=fe33070c","width":1024,"height":693,"alt":"This is a panorama of 3 segments taken with a Canon 5D and 24-105mm f/4L IS","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Diliff, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leadenhall_Market_In_London_-_Feb_2006_rotated.jpg","thumb_width":480},"figures":null,"from":"food-markets/leadenhall-market","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"whats_on":[{"slug":"tour-for-muggles","name":"Tour for Muggles","href":"/food-markets/leadenhall-market/tour-for-muggles/","verdict":"An actor-led walk through the City and Bankside filming locations, Leadenhall Market to Borough Market, in groups of twenty.","runs":null,"types":["family","tour"],"clue":["Guided tour"]}],"url":"/roman/forum-and-basilica/","also_in":[{"name":"Food Markets","href":"/food-markets/leadenhall-market/"},{"name":"Architecture","href":"/architecture/leadenhall-market/"},{"name":"Harry Potter","href":"/harry-potter/leadenhall-market/"}],"maps_q":"Forum and Basilica, Gracechurch Street, EC3V 1LT, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"Aux Merveilleux de Fred Leadenhall","s":"aux-merveilleux-de-fred-leadenhall","c":"bakeries","cn":"Bakeries","m":6},{"n":"Tour for Muggles","s":"tour-for-muggles","c":"harry-potter","cn":"Harry Potter","m":8},{"n":"Rosslyn Coffee","s":"rosslyn-leadenhall-market","c":"coffee","cn":"Coffee","m":61}],"near_same":[{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":386},{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":419},{"s":"london-stone","m":428},{"s":"all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","m":469},{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":493},{"s":"city-wall-at-vine-street","m":496}]},{"slug":"london-stone","name":"London Stone","alias":null,"area":"Bank","address":"111 Cannon Street, EC4N 5AR","station":"Cannon Street","walk":1,"lat":51.511556,"lng":-0.089463,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":null,"instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"node/10892732222","types":["free","relic","visible"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"A lump of limestone in a wall on Cannon Street, older than any record of it.","note":"Nobody knows what it is. A block of oolitic limestone, probably Roman and probably a fragment of something much larger, first written down around 1100 as a landmark by which people gave their address. Jack Cade struck it with his sword in 1450 to claim the city, a scene Shakespeare put into Henry VI, and it has been moved, half-buried in the road and set into the wall of a church and then a bank. Since 2018 it sits in a Portland stone housing in the front of the office building at 111 Cannon Street, behind glass, at pavement level, roughly where it started.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/london-stone.jpg?v=64e6b7de","thumb":"/img/london-stone-480.jpg?v=31f10cb2","width":1024,"height":768,"alt":"London Stone, on temporary display at the Museum of London","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Lord Belbury, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_London_Stone.jpg","thumb_width":480},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/london-stone","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/london-stone/"}],"maps_q":"London Stone, 111 Cannon Street, EC4N 5AR, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"Crosstown Cannon Street","s":"crosstown-cannon-street","c":"desserts","cn":"Desserts & Gelato","m":29},{"n":"The City Churches","s":"the-city-churches","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":65},{"n":"St Stephen Walbrook","s":"st-stephen-walbrook","c":"sacred","cn":"Sacred London","m":121}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":124},{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":330},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":428},{"s":"guildhall-roman-amphitheatre","m":483},{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":509},{"s":"london-wall-in-the-car-park","m":676}]},{"slug":"southwark-mausoleum","name":"Mausoleum at Southwark","alias":null,"area":"Borough Market","address":"Southwark Street at Redcross Way, SE1 1TA","station":"London Bridge","walk":3,"lat":51.504419,"lng":-0.092302,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":"https://www.mola.org.uk/discoveries/commercial-projects/kings-place/life-and-death-roman-southwark","instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"way/94072150","types":["tomb"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":{"x":0.7333,"y":0.2287},"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The most intact Roman mausoleum found in Britain, dug up beside Borough Market in 2023 with the largest mosaic London has seen in fifty years, and being kept where it lies for public viewing.","note":"Roman London did not stop at the river. The bridge landed on the south bank, in what is now Southwark, and a settlement grew there along the two roads that left it, Watling Street for Canterbury (Durovernum) and the Kent coast and Stane Street for Chichester (Noviomagus); its wealthier dead were buried beside those roads. The mausoleum found here in 2023 is a family tomb of some size, perhaps two storeys, with its walls and floors still in place: a mosaic at the centre, a raised platform round it where the burials were laid, and the lowest of its entrance steps. A second mosaic lies directly under the first, so the floor was raised during the building's life; both have a flower at the centre inside rings of border. The building was taken down almost to the ground, probably in the Middle Ages, and no coffins were left in it, but more than a hundred coins, pottery, roof tiles and scrap metal were, and more than eighty burials lay around it with bracelets, glass beads and a bone comb. The same dig found, in 2022, the largest Roman mosaic uncovered in London for fifty years, the floor of a grand building of about AD 200. The site is being redeveloped as the Liberty of Southwark, and the mausoleum and the mosaics are to be kept on the spot, on public view in the new buildings.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/own-southwark-mausoleum.jpg?v=7b98140d","thumb":"/img/own-southwark-mausoleum-480.jpg?v=a863f8fd","width":1024,"height":683,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"Four archaeologists in high-visibility jackets and hard hats kneeling on a large Roman mosaic of black, white and red pieces in an open excavation, with the Shard and cranes behind them","caption":"The Liberty mosaic in 2022, the largest found in London for fifty years, on the same site as the mausoleum.","credit":"\u00a9 MOLA","licence":"permission"},"figures":[{"src":"/img/own-southwark-mausoleum-2.jpg?v=00e73dfe","thumb":"/img/own-southwark-mausoleum-2-480.jpg?v=a6cdad1a","width":825,"height":806,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"A square mosaic panel of black, white and red pieces with two knot patterns and roundels of four-petalled flowers, set in a surround of red tiles","caption":"The smaller of the two panels; the knot pattern is a Solomon's knot.","credit":"\u00a9 MOLA","licence":"permission"}],"from":null,"country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"maps_q":"Mausoleum at Southwark, Southwark Street at Redcross Way, SE1 1TA, London","in_area":{"slug":"borough-bermondsey","name":"Borough & Bermondsey"},"bank":0,"near_all":[{"n":"Cross Bones Graveyard","s":"cross-bones-graveyard","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":79},{"n":"The Boot & Flogger","s":"the-boot-flogger","c":"wine","cn":"Wine","m":89},{"n":"Park Street","s":"park-street","c":"beautiful-streets","cn":"Beautiful Streets","m":113}],"near_same":[{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":690},{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":854},{"s":"london-stone","m":929},{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":964},{"s":"all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","m":1099},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":1110}]},{"slug":"the-roman-bridge","name":"Roman Bridge","alias":"roman-bridge","area":"Monument","address":"Lower Thames Street, EC3R 6DN","station":"Monument","walk":2,"lat":51.509347,"lng":-0.086266,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":"https://www.stmagnusmartyr.org.uk/","instagram":"stmagnusthemartyrlondon","attrs":[],"osm":"way/143415212","types":["free","relic","visible"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":{"x":0.5896,"y":0.2519},"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The church at the north end of London Bridge keeps a timber from the Roman waterfront in its tower arch, where the first crossing came ashore.","note":"The Romans bridged the Thames here in the first century, the medieval bridge stood on the same line and the two since have come ashore just upstream of it; St Magnus stands at the bridgehead, and until 1831 the way onto the old bridge ran through the arch under its tower. Inside that arch is a pile of blackened timber from a Roman wharf of about AD 75, dug up on Fish Street Hill in 1931 - the river's edge was that far inland then - beside stones from the northernmost arch of the medieval bridge. The timber is inside, under the tower, so the church has to be open to see it; the bridge stones are out in the churchyard and are not.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/the-roman-bridge.jpg?v=e46f066e","thumb":"/img/the-roman-bridge-480.jpg?v=af98d56f","width":1024,"height":681,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"A museum model of the Roman bridge: a timber bridge on piles crossing the river, with a covered cart, soldiers and traders on it, red-roofed warehouses along the quay behind and ships moored at the wharf","caption":"A model of the first bridge and the waterfront behind it, about AD 90, made for the Museum of London.","credit":"Photo by Steven G. Johnson, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:London-Roman-model.jpg"},"figures":null,"from":null,"country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"url":"/roman/roman-bridge/","maps_q":"Roman Bridge, Lower Thames Street, EC3R 6DN, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"The Monument","s":"the-monument","c":"views","cn":"Views","m":91},{"n":"Darkest Victorian London","s":"darkest-victorian-london","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":143},{"n":"Haunted London","s":"haunted-london","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":143}],"near_same":[{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":219},{"s":"london-stone","m":330},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":419},{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":454},{"s":"all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","m":475},{"s":"southwark-mausoleum","m":690}]},{"slug":"london-mithraeum","name":"Temple of Mithras","alias":null,"area":"Bank","address":"12 Walbrook, EC4N 8AA","station":"Cannon Street","walk":1,"lat":51.512379,"lng":-0.090676,"hours":[null,[10.0,18.0],[10.0,18.0],[10.0,20.0],[10.0,18.0],[10.0,18.0],[12.0,17.0]],"hours_raw":"Tu-Sa 10:00-18:00; Su 12:00-17:00; Mo off; Th[1] 10:00-20:00; Dec 25-26 off; Jan 01 off","hours_source":"web","hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":"https://www.londonmithraeum.com/","instagram":null,"attrs":["stepfree"],"osm":"way/512846335","types":["free","inside","temple","visible"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The Roman temple of Mithras, found in 1954 and put back where it stood seven metres under Bloomberg's building, staged in sound and haze, free.","note":"In September 1954, on a bomb site beside the buried Walbrook stream, the archaeologist W.F. Grimes uncovered a small Roman temple with a marble head of Mithras in it, the soldiers' god who killed the bull, and the queues to see it stretched down Queen Victoria Street; the developers were made to keep it, and did so by dismantling it and rebuilding the stones on a podium up the road, in the wrong place and with the wrong mortar. Bloomberg, buying the site for its European headquarters, undid that. In 2017 the temple went back to the spot where it was found, seven metres below the present street, and it is shown as a piece of theatre: the walls and altar in the dark, mist, a low chant, and light picking out the shape of the sanctuary as it might have been in AD 240. The find itself, the marble Mithras and his companions, is in the London Museum, but the room above the temple shows six hundred objects from the dig, among them the earliest dated handwritten document from Britain, a wooden tablet of 8 January AD 57. Entry is free on a timed ticket.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/london-mithraeum.jpg?v=5840643d","thumb":"/img/london-mithraeum-480.jpg?v=6648991e","width":1024,"height":678,"alt":"London Mithraeum, Bloomberg\u2019s European headquarters, London","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Carole Raddato from Frankfurt, Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:London_Mithraeum,_Bloomberg%E2%80%99s_European_headquarters,_London_(25502116578).jpg","thumb_width":480},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/london-mithraeum","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Museums","href":"/museums/london-mithraeum/"},{"name":"Sacred London","href":"/sacred/london-mithraeum/"},{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/london-mithraeum/"}],"maps_q":"Temple of Mithras, 12 Walbrook, EC4N 8AA, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"St Stephen Walbrook","s":"st-stephen-walbrook","c":"sacred","cn":"Sacred London","m":64},{"n":"Mansion House","s":"mansion-house","c":"museums","cn":"Museums","m":106},{"n":"The City Churches","s":"the-city-churches","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":113}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-stone","m":124},{"s":"guildhall-roman-amphitheatre","m":370},{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":454},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":493},{"s":"london-wall-in-the-car-park","m":579},{"s":"roman-fort-at-noble-street","m":613}]},{"slug":"london-wall-at-coopers-row","name":"Wall at Cooper's Row","alias":null,"area":"Tower Hill","address":"8-10 Cooper's Row, EC3N 2BQ","station":"Tower Hill","walk":1,"lat":51.510561,"lng":-0.07617,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":null,"instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"way/56758881","types":["free","visible","wall"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"Roman below, medieval above, arrow loops and all, in a hotel courtyard.","note":"A section that stands almost to its full medieval height: the Roman base with its tile courses, then thirteenth-century masonry with a row of arrow loops and the remains of a wall walk, then a doorway cut through in a later century. It is reached through the courtyard of the hotel on Cooper's Row, which built round it rather than over it, and it is the best place in the City to see how each age simply added to what the last had left.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/london-wall-at-coopers-row.jpg?v=54eedd4a","thumb":"/img/london-wall-at-coopers-row-480.jpg?v=30f4a4eb","width":768,"height":1024,"alt":"A photograph of London Wall at Cooper's Row.","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Stefan Wolmarans, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:London_Roman_and_Medieval_City_Wall.jpg","thumb_width":360,"alt_generic":true},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/london-wall-at-coopers-row","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/london-wall-at-coopers-row/"}],"maps_q":"Wall at Cooper's Row, 8-10 Cooper's Row, EC3N 2BQ, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"Jack the Ripper Matinee","s":"jack-the-ripper-matinee","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":87},{"n":"Jack the Ripper Walking Tour","s":"jack-the-ripper-walking-tour","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":87},{"n":"Revolting London","s":"revolting-london","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":87}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-at-tower-hill","m":73},{"s":"city-wall-at-vine-street","m":204},{"s":"all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","m":258},{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":500},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":565},{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":711}]},{"slug":"london-wall-at-st-alphage","name":"Wall at St Alphage","alias":null,"area":"Barbican","address":"St Alphage Garden, London Wall, EC2Y 5DE","station":"Moorgate","walk":3,"lat":51.518007,"lng":-0.09246,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":null,"instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"way/99430357","types":["free","visible","wall"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The wall with its fifteenth-century brick battlements, seen from a raised walkway.","note":"The top of this section is red brick in a diamond pattern, the crenellations added in 1477 when the mayor Ralph Jocelyn had the wall rebuilt against a Lancastrian threat that never came. Below it the medieval stone, below that the Roman. The gardens either side were relaid in 2018 with a highwalk that lets you look down on the length of it, and the ruined tower across the road is what is left of St Alphage's church, itself the chapel of a fourteenth-century hospital. This is where the northern city wall met the older Cripplegate fort.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/london-wall-at-st-alphage.jpg?v=071d3453","thumb":"/img/london-wall-at-st-alphage-480.jpg?v=e3b3245b","width":1024,"height":768,"alt":"St Alphage London Wall City of London","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Matt Eyre, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StALWPC280285.JPG","thumb_width":480},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/london-wall-at-st-alphage","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/london-wall-at-st-alphage/"}],"maps_q":"Wall at St Alphage, St Alphage Garden, London Wall, EC2Y 5DE, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"St Giles-without-Cripplegate","s":"st-giles-without-cripplegate","c":"sacred","cn":"Sacred London","m":122},{"n":"St Mary Aldermanbury Garden","s":"st-mary-aldermanbury-garden","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":174},{"n":"St Alban's Tower, Wood Street","s":"st-albans-tower-wood-street","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":191}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-in-the-car-park","m":134},{"s":"barbican-bastions","m":159},{"s":"roman-fort-at-noble-street","m":259},{"s":"guildhall-roman-amphitheatre","m":269},{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":637},{"s":"london-stone","m":746}]},{"slug":"london-wall-at-tower-hill","name":"Wall at Tower Hill","alias":null,"area":"Tower Hill","address":"Tower Hill Gardens, Trinity Place, EC3N 4DJ","station":"Tower Hill","walk":1,"lat":51.509908,"lng":-0.076,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":null,"instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"way/55421654","types":["free","visible","wall"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The tallest piece of Roman London still standing, with a Roman emperor looking at it.","note":"Ten metres of wall, the lower four and a half Roman, the rest medieval heightening, and you can read the join in the stone. The Roman work is squared ragstone in courses with bands of red tile every few feet, which is what the whole three kilometres looked like around AD 200. The bronze Trajan beside it is a twentieth-century copy of a statue from Italy; the tombstone set into the wall is a cast of that of Julius Classicianus, the procurator who reined in the reprisals after Boudica's revolt, found in a bastion here in pieces in 1852 and 1935. The original is in the British Museum.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/own-london-wall.jpg?v=e3e67f2d","thumb":"/img/own-london-wall-480.jpg?v=73371918","width":1000,"height":1024,"thumb_width":469,"alt":"The Roman and medieval city wall at Tower Hill, the White Tower's turrets beyond","caption":"The wall at Tower Hill, with the Tower beyond it."},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/london-wall-at-tower-hill","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/london-wall-at-tower-hill/"}],"maps_q":"Wall at Tower Hill, Tower Hill Gardens, Trinity Place, EC3N 4DJ, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"Jack the Ripper Matinee","s":"jack-the-ripper-matinee","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":48},{"n":"Jack the Ripper Walking Tour","s":"jack-the-ripper-walking-tour","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":48},{"n":"Revolting London","s":"revolting-london","c":"tours","cn":"Guided Tours","m":48}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-at-coopers-row","m":73},{"s":"all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","m":241},{"s":"city-wall-at-vine-street","m":277},{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":496},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":610},{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":713}]},{"slug":"city-wall-at-vine-street","name":"Wall at Vine Street","alias":null,"area":"Aldgate","address":"12 Jewry Street, EC3N 2HT","station":"London Fenchurch Street","walk":2,"lat":51.512395,"lng":-0.076408,"hours":[[9.0,18.0],[9.0,18.0],[9.0,18.0],[9.0,18.0],[9.0,18.0],[9.0,18.0],[9.0,18.0]],"hours_raw":"Mo-Su 09:00-18:00","hours_source":"web","hours_url":"https://citywallvinestreet.org/","hours_short":null,"hours_checked":"2026-09-16","hours_extra":"Closed on bank holidays. The Senzo coffee bar on the same site, at 35 Vine Street, opens 07:30 to 16:30.","runs":null,"website":"https://citywallvinestreet.org/","instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":"node/11941064742","types":["free","inside","visible","wall"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"A stretch of wall and the only Roman bastion foundations on show in London, under a student block, free.","note":"Found in 1979 when the site was cleared, along with a bastion nobody knew was there, and kept in the basement of what was built on top. The wall runs for some ten metres with the foundations of the bastion projecting from it - the only Roman bastion, as opposed to a medieval one, that can be seen in London. It has stood through the end of the empire, the plague, the Great Fire and the Blitz, and for most of that time it was inside somebody's workshop or warehouse.\n\nAround it is a gallery of what came out of the ground on the same site across two thousand years: Roman pottery and coins, medieval leather, Victorian clay pipes. Free, no booking, and there is a coffee bar by the roasters Senzo in the same building.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/city-wall-at-vine-street.jpg?v=727c1aee","thumb":"/img/city-wall-at-vine-street-480.jpg?v=39d06232","width":1024,"height":768,"alt":"The Roman wall at Vine Street","caption":"","credit":"Photo by MumblerJamie, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:London_(Londinium)_-_Roman_City_Wall,_Vine_Street_-_54.jpg","thumb_width":480},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/city-wall-at-vine-street","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/city-wall-at-vine-street/"}],"maps_q":"Wall at Vine Street, 12 Jewry Street, EC3N 2HT, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"Aldgate Pump","s":"aldgate-pump","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":133},{"n":"Aldgate: Chaucer's rooms over the gate","s":"aldgate-chaucers-rooms-over-the-gate","c":"literary","cn":"Literary London","m":145},{"n":"Dave's Wine Bar","s":"daves-wine-bar","c":"wine","cn":"Wine","m":201}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-at-coopers-row","m":204},{"s":"london-wall-at-tower-hill","m":277},{"s":"all-hallows-by-the-tower-crypt-museum","m":392},{"s":"leadenhall-market","m":496},{"s":"billingsgate-roman-house-and-baths","m":579},{"s":"the-roman-bridge","m":761}]},{"slug":"london-wall-in-the-car-park","name":"Wall in the car park","alias":null,"area":"City of London","address":"London Wall Car Park, London Wall, EC2Y 9DT","station":"Moorgate","walk":2,"lat":51.517592,"lng":-0.090638,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":"Down in the car park, free, and there whenever the car park is open.","runs":null,"website":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1018885","instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":null,"types":["free","visible","wall"],"deep":null,"scope":null,"scope_icon":null,"route":null,"venue_group":null,"plan":null,"geo":null,"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"Eleven metres of Roman wall standing in an underground car park, between the bays and the bins.","note":"Five metres below the road, against the back wall of a car park, stands a piece of the Roman city wall: Kentish ragstone banded with courses of Roman tile, three and a half metres of it above a sandstone plinth that sits level with the tarmac. The inner face is intact - the triple tile course at the base, then the doubles above, then the ragstone between - and the outer face has been robbed away to the rubble core, which is its own kind of cross-section.\n\nIt is what is left of sixty-four metres uncovered in 1957 when the site was being cleared for the new road. Almost all of it was knocked down to build that road and this car park; these eleven metres were kept deliberately, as a particularly fine piece, and the car park was built around them. The wall itself went up between about AD 190 and AD 225, ran from Tower Hill to Blackfriars and decided the shape of London for the next thousand years.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/london-wall-in-the-car-park.jpg?v=7ce6799b","thumb":"/img/london-wall-in-the-car-park-480.jpg?v=9cfdbac9","width":1024,"height":768,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"A section of Roman wall in Kentish ragstone with bands of red tile running through it, standing against the painted blockwork and strip lights of an underground car park.","caption":"","credit":"Photo by Jamzze, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:London_Roman_Wall_-_London_Wall_underground_car_park_segment.jpg"},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/london-wall-in-the-car-park","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/london-wall-in-the-car-park/"}],"maps_q":"Wall in the car park, London Wall Car Park, London Wall, EC2Y 9DT, London","in_area":{"slug":"the-city","name":"The City"},"bank":1,"near_all":[{"n":"Rosslyn Coffee","s":"rosslyn","c":"coffee","cn":"Coffee","m":115},{"n":"Hidden London: Moorgate \u2014 Metropolitan maze","s":"hidden-london-moorgate-metropolitan-maze","c":"whats-on","cn":"What\u2019s On","m":131},{"n":"St Mary Aldermanbury Garden","s":"st-mary-aldermanbury-garden","c":"monuments","cn":"Monuments & Ruins","m":204}],"near_same":[{"s":"london-wall-at-st-alphage","m":134},{"s":"guildhall-roman-amphitheatre","m":243},{"s":"barbican-bastions","m":293},{"s":"roman-fort-at-noble-street","m":362},{"s":"london-mithraeum","m":579},{"s":"london-stone","m":676}]},{"slug":"london-wall-walk","name":"Wall Walk","alias":null,"area":"City of London","address":"Tower Hill to Aldersgate, along the line of the Roman wall","station":"Aldgate","walk":1,"lat":51.5097,"lng":-0.0763,"hours":null,"hours_raw":null,"hours_source":null,"hours_url":null,"hours_short":null,"hours_checked":null,"hours_extra":null,"runs":null,"website":"https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-heritage","instagram":null,"attrs":[],"osm":null,"types":["free","visible","walk","wall"],"deep":null,"scope":"2 miles, about an hour","scope_icon":null,"route":{"miles":2,"hours":"about an hour","start":"Tower Hill Gardens \u2014 Tower Hill","end":"Aldersgate Street \u2014 St Paul's or Barbican","km":3},"venue_group":null,"plan":{"x":0.1068,"y":0.3315,"label":"City Wall"},"geo":{"type":"LineString","coordinates":[[-0.0763,51.5097],[-0.0761,51.5106],[-0.0764,51.5124],[-0.0757,51.514],[-0.0779,51.5146],[-0.0805,51.5158],[-0.0819,51.5164],[-0.0862,51.517],[-0.0893,51.5177],[-0.0925,51.518],[-0.0939,51.5184],[-0.0946,51.5186],[-0.0957,51.5182],[-0.0959,51.5167],[-0.0965,51.5158],[-0.0972,51.5162]]},"geo_zone":null,"verdict":"The Roman city's edge, walked in an hour: two miles of it survive in pieces, and the pieces are all free.","note":"The wall went up around AD 200, three kilometres of ragstone and red tile courses around Londinium, and the City's shape still follows it. This walk takes the surviving stretch from Tower Hill round to Aldersgate: the tallest standing section beside the statue of Trajan, the medieval arrow loops behind Cooper's Row, the bastion foundations under Vine Street, the fourteenth-century brick crenellations at St Alphage, and the corner of the earlier Cripplegate fort along Noble Street. Between them the wall is under the road, and the line of Wormwood Street and London Wall is the line of the wall itself. The City installed twenty-one tiled panels along the route in 1984 and around half remain.","note_links":null,"reading":null,"figure":{"src":"/img/london-wall-walk.jpg?v=abb48c40","thumb":"/img/london-wall-walk-480.jpg?v=60a05d9e","width":1024,"height":768,"thumb_width":480,"alt":"The face of the Roman wall at Tower Hill: rough grey ragstone blocks laid in rows, with courses of flat red tiles running through them","caption":"The tallest surviving stretch, beside Tower Hill station, where the walk starts.","credit":"Photo by Mx. Granger, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons","credit_url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Wall_at_Tower_Hill_3.jpg"},"figures":null,"from":"monuments/london-wall-walk","country":null,"country_name":null,"also":null,"years":null,"plaque":null,"rank":null,"also_in":[{"name":"Monuments & Ruins","href":"/monuments/london-wall-walk/"}],"maps_q":"Wall Walk, London","bank":1}]}